<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">agx</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Андрология и генитальная хирургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Andrology and Genital Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-9781</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8902</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2070-9781-2020-21-2-58-63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">agx-413</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микронутриентный дефицит у мужчин с бесплодием</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Micronutrient deficiency in men with infertility</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-5856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Контакты: Антон Юрьевич Цуканов</p><p>644043 Омск, ул. Ленина, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">autt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-4872</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турчанинов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turchaninov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>644043 Омск, ул. Ленина, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-1778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сатыбалдин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Satybaldin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>644043 Омск, ул. Ленина, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-0550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнацкая</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunatskaya</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цуканов А.Ю., Турчанинов А.В., Сатыбалдин Д.А., Юнацкая Т.А., Соколов К.Н., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цуканов А.Ю., Турчанинов А.В., Сатыбалдин Д.А., Юнацкая Т.А., Соколов К.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsukanov A.Y., Turchaninov D.V., Satybaldin D.A., Yunatskaya T.A., Sokolov K.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://agx.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/413">https://agx.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/413</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – сравнить уровень микронутриентов в организме мужчин, страдающих бесплодием, и мужчин с нормальной фертильностью.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. У мужчин с диагнозом мужского идиопатического бесплодия (n = 82) и мужчин с нормальной фертильностью (n = 93) оценивали содержание витаминов А, В9, D, Е, С в крови методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии, а также содержание селена и цинка в волосах методом атомно-адсорбционной масс-спектрометрии.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Содержание в крови витаминов А, D и В9,  статистически значимо не различалось в исследуемых группах, а в уровне витаминов С и Е в крови и селена, цинка в волосах выявлены статистически значимые различия. В то время как содержание витаминов А, Е, В9, селена и цинка находилось в пределах референсных значений, выявлен дефицит витамина С в основной группе и недостаток витамина D в обеих группах. Более высокий уровень селена в основной группе, вероятно, свидетельствует об усилении его метаболизма из-за повышенного поступления в организм ксенобиотиков и указывает на предефицитное состояние. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлено отсутствие тотального дефицита микронутриентов у мужчин с бесплодием. Вероятно, патоспермия может быть обусловлена дефицитом лишь отдельных микронутриентов, что ставит под сомнение необходимость приема многокомпонентных витаминно-минеральных препаратов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study objective is to compare the level of micronutrients in men with infertility and men with normal fertility.</p><sec><title> Materials and methods</title><p> Materials and methods. The levels of А, В9, D, Е, С vitamins in blood using high-performance liquid chromatography and selenium and zinc in hair using atomic absorption mass-spectrometry were measured in men with diagnosis of male idiopathic infertility (n = 82) and men with normal fertility (n = 93).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Absence of a total lack of micronutrient deficiency in men with infertility was observed. Presumably, azoospermia can be associated with deficiency in some micronutrients casting doubt on the necessity of administration of multicomponent vitamin and mineral complexes.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Blood levels of А, D and В9 vitamins did not significantly differ in the studied groups, while differences in blood levels of С and Е vitamins and selenium and zinc in hair were statistically significant. While the levels of А, Е, В9 vitamins, selenium and zinc were in the reference ranges, vitamin C deficiency was observed in the test group and vitamin D deficiency in both groups. Higher level of selenium in the test group presumably reflects its higher metabolism due to higher influx of xenobiotics in the organism and indicates pre-deficiency state. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мужское идиопатическое бесплодие</kwd><kwd>дефицит микронутриентов</kwd><kwd>фертильность</kwd><kwd>витамины</kwd><kwd>микроэлементы</kwd><kwd>цинк</kwd><kwd>селен</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giahi L., Mohammadmoradi S., Javidan A., Sadeghi M.R. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016;74(2):118–30. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giahi L., Mohammadmoradi S., Javidan A., Sadeghi M.R. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016;74(2):118–30. DOI:   10.1093/nutrit/nuv059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухих Г.Т., Божедомов В.А. Мужское бесплодие. М.: Эксмо, 2008. 240 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhikh G.T., Bozhedomov V.A. Male infertility. Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. 240 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowe P.J., Comhaire F.H., Hargreave T.B., Mellows H.J. WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple. Available at: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/infertility/9780521431361/en.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowe P.J., Comhaire F.H., Hargreave T.B., Mellows H.J. WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple. Available at: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/infertility/9780521431361/en.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинченко С.Ю., Тюзиков И.А. Практическая андрология. М.: Практическая медицина, 2009. 399 c. [Kalinchenko S.Yu., Tyuzikov I.A. Practical andrology. Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2009. 399 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinchenko S.Yu., Tyuzikov I.A. Practical andrology. Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2009. 399 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Урология. Российские клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Ю.Г. Аляева, П.В. Глыбочко, Д.Ю. Пушкаря. М.: Медфорум, 2017. 544 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urology. Russian clinical recommendations. Ed. by Yu.G. Alyaev, P.V. Glybochko, D.Yu. Pushkar. Moscow: Medforum, 2017. 544 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jungwirth A., Diemer T., Kopa Z. et al. EAU Guidelines on male infertility. Available at: https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/17-Male-Infertility_2017_web.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jungwirth A., Diemer T., Kopa Z. et al. EAU Guidelines on male infertility. Available at: https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/17-Male-Infertility_2017_web.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нишлаг Э., Бере Г.М. Андрология. Мужское здоровье и дисфункция репродуктивной системы. М.: МИА, 2005. 450 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. Andrology. Male reproductive health and dysfunction. Moscow: MIA, 2005. 450 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухих Г.Т., Назаренко Т.А. Бесплодный брак. Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. 784 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhikh G.T., Nazarenko T.A. Barren marriage. Modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2010. 784 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eskenazi B., Kidd S.A., Marks A.R. et al. Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Hum Reprod 2005;20(4):1006–12. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eskenazi B., Kidd S.A., Marks A.R. et al. Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Hum Reprod 2005;20(4):1006–12. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kefer J.C., Agarwal A., Sabanegh E. Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility. Int J Urol 2009;16(5):449–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02280.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kefer J.C., Agarwal A., Sabanegh E. Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility. Int J Urol 2009;16(5):449–57. DOI:  10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02280.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foresta C., Bettella A., Spolaore D. et al. Suppression of the high endogenous levels of plasma FSH in infertile men are associated with improved Sertoli cell function as reflected by elevated levels of plasma inhibin B. Hum Reprod 2004;19(6):1431–7. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foresta C., Bettella A., Spolaore D. et al. Suppression of the high endogenous levels of plasma FSH in infertile men are associated with improved Sertoli cell function as reflected by elevated levels of plasma inhibin B. Hum Reprod 2004;19(6):1431–7. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorbachinsky I., Akpinar H., Assimos D.G. Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases. Rev Urol 2010;12(4):e157–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbachinsky I., Akpinar H., Assimos D.G. Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases. Rev Urol 2010;12(4):e157–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E. et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346(6):393–403. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E. et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346(6):393–403. DOI:  10.1056/NEJMoa012512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Турчанинов Д.В., Вильмс Е.А., Боярская Л.А., Турчанинова М.С. Воздействие питания и образа жизни на здоровье населения. Пищевая промышленность 2015;(1):8–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turchaninov D.V., Wilms E.A., Boyarskaya L.A., Turchaninova M.S. The impact diet and lifestyle on public health: current approaches to assessment and strategies for prevention. Pishchevaya promyshlennost = Food Industry 2015;(1):8–11 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнацкая Т.А., Турчанинова М.С., Костина Н.Н. Гигиеническая оценка питания вегетарианцев и лиц со смешанным питанием. Гигиена и санитария 2015;94(9):72–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yunatskaya T.A., Turchaninova M.S., Kostina N.N. Hygienic assessment of nutrition of veg etarians and people with mixed diets. Gigiena i sanitaria = Hygiene and Sanitation 2015;94(9):72–5. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salas-Huetos A., Bulló M., Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23(4):371–89. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salas-Huetos A., Bulló M., Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23(4):371–89. DOI:   10.1093/humupd/dmx006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Решетник Л.А., Парфенова Е.О., Скальный А.В. Способы определения и методы коррекции обеспеченности селеном. Экология моря 2000;54:69–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Reshetnik L.A., Parfenova E.O., Skalny A.V. Identification techniques and correction methods of selenium providing. Ekologia morya = Ecology of the Sea 2000;54:69–74. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Губергриц А.Я., Линевский Ю.В. Лечебное питание. Справочное пособие. Киев: Высшая школа, 1989. 398 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gubergrits A.Ya., Linevsky Yu.V. Therapeutic nutrition. Reference book. Kiev: Vysshaya shkola, 1989. 398 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blomberg Jensen M., Bjerrum P.J., Jessen T.E. et al. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2011;26(6):1307–17. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blomberg Jensen M., Bjerrum P.J., Jessen T.E. et al. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2011;26(6):1307–17. DOI:   10.1093/humrep/der059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Irani M., Amirian M., Sadeghi R. et al. The effect of folate and folate plus zinc supplementation on endocrine parameters and sperm characteristics in sub-fertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol J 2017;14(5):4069–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irani M., Amirian M., Sadeghi R. et al. The effect of folate and folate plus zinc supplementation on endocrine parameters and sperm characteristics in sub-fertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol J 2017;14(5):4069–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюзиков И.А., Калинченко С.Ю., Ворслов Л.О., Тишова Ю.А. Витамин D, мужское здоровье и мужская репродукция. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2013;14(4):36–44. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2013-4-36-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyuzikov I.A., Kalinchenko S.Y.,  Vorslov L.O., Tishova Y.A. Vitamin D, men’s health and male reproduction. Andrologiya i genital’naya khirurgiya = Andrology and Genital Surgery 2013;14(4):36–44. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2013-4-36-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R., Yazdani A. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Syst Rev 2019;3(3):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R., Yazdani A. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Syst Rev 2019;3(3):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнацкая Т.А., Цуканов А.Ю., Турчанинов Д.В. и др. Особенности фактического питания и их связь с характеристиками эякулята у мужчин с идиопатическим бесплодием: потенциал алиментарной профилактики и коррекции. Гигиена и санитария 2019;98(7):788–92. [ DOI: 10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7788-792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yunatskaya T.A., Tsukanov A.Yu., Turchaninov D.V. et al. Features of actual nutrition and their relationship with characteristics of the semen indices in men with idiopathic infertility: the potential of alimentary prevention and correction. Gigiena i sanitaria = Hygiene and Sanitation 2019;98(7):788–92. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7788-792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российская ассоциация эндокринологов. Дефицит витамина D у взрослых: диагностика, лечение и профилактика. Клинические рекомендации. М., 2015. Доступно по: https://minzdrav.gov-murman.ru/documents/poryadki-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoshchi/D%2019042014.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian Association of Endocrinologists. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Clinical recommendations. Moscow, 2015. Available at:    https://minzdrav.gov-murman.ru/documents/poryadki-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoshchi/D%2019042014.pdf. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
